Cry the Beloved Country, Inherit the Wind, Julius Caesar

Eleanor Roosevelt stated that people make their own decisions, and the reasoning behind what happens in their lives is of their own responsibility and consequence. Bert Cates, from Jerome Lawrence's Inherit the Wind, applies directly to this statement while Stephen Kumalo of Cry the Beloved Country and Caesar of Julius Caesar do not. Stephen Kumalo and Julius Caesar's lives were drastically influenced by the choices of others, not their own. Bertram Cates, however, made his own decisions and influenced his life individually.In Inherit the Wind, Bert Cates illegally teaches evolution to his biology class. As a citizen of Hillsboro, TN, he must have known that teaching evolution was unlawful as well as the consequences that would follow. Cates, however, is a man who wants to fully educate his students and open them up to different ideas and perspectives. For this reason, he teaches evolution anyway and is prosecuted and fined $100 (Lawrence, . Inherit the Wind. Pg 103) for it. It's a c onsequence of his choice to teach such a controversial subject and because of it his life is greatly impacted.In Julius Caesar, Julius' fate was definitely not of his own choice. Brutus, Cassius, Cinna, Decius, and Casca, a group of people Caesar trusted, murder him. Caesar had done nothing wrong. He's a bit cocky and self centered at times, perhaps, but he has done nothing harmful to the well-being of others. The lack of trust from Brutus, Cassius, Cinna, Decius, and Casca is why Caesar's life is brought to an end. They think he'd go mad with power, so they take him out before he even has the chance to prove them right or wrong.In reality, he would have done what is right for his people, and that is apparent in his will. â€Å"To every Roman citizen he gives, to every several man, seventy-five drachmas. †, Marc Antony reads off of Caesar's will, â€Å"Moreover, he hath left you all his walks, private arbors, and new-planted orchards, on his side Tiber. He hath left them to you and to your heirs forever. † (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar. Pg. 133) Caesar has no control over stopping the situation because he doesn't even know it's going to happen.He hasn't done anything to deserve his murder, it's not of his own consequence. He was killed out of the mistrust from others. Stephen Kumalo of Cry the Beloved Country is tossed around, put through so much pain, and none of it is of his doing. He may have made the decision to look for his son and sister to protect his family, but isn't it a man's instinct to care for the people who are closest to him? Stephen's son made the decision to take the wrong path, live the life of a thief, and eventually kill another person.Stephen's sister made the decision to sell alcohol, sleep around, and not care for her son. All of these bad choices were made by other people, yet Stephen was still strongly affected by them. Eleanor Roosevelt says that people are responsible for what happens in their lives, but Stephen couldn't control Absalom being sentenced to death, Gertrude leaving, or his brother screwing him over. This is because he didn't have the money, power, and most importantly, the control over their decisions.

Ethical Dilema Essay

In this paper, I will discuss the ethical dilemma faced by a nurse who is caring for an eight month old patient, who reports with his mother to the emergency room with a suspicious fracture. The mother provides a plausible story, and the physician knows the family and does not suspect abuse. I will discuss the action I would take in order to provide the appropriate care for this patient. As a registered professional nurse, I feel the only approach to the case is to report the injury to Department of Family and Child’s Services (DFACS) for their investigation. When a report is made, DFACS will complete an investigation and make the ultimate decision if abuse or neglect was the cause of the injury. Each nurse has a duty to report all suspicious injuries to DFACS, regardless of her feelings on abuse or neglect. This is true even when the physician knows the family or does not suspect abuse. The nurse is responsible for her own actions. In order to provide the best quality of care for this patient, I would take the statement from the parent about how the patient was injured, and then talk to the physician to gather the physical finding, which may include x-ray reports after this information is gathered, I would report the case to the local DFACS. Anytime there is a suspicious injury regardless of the plausibility of the story, or if the physician knows the patient and does not suspect the parent, the DFACS case must be reported. The nurse in this situation has a duty to report this injury and let child services decide if the patient is in danger. I would perform a complete examination of the patient and communicate with the physician, in addition to noting any other signs of abuse, along with paying close attention for indicators of abuse. Indicators of abuse can warn healthcare providers to pay closer attention to situations that may indicate abuse or neglect and someti mes there are not indicators even though the child may be abused (Henderson, 2013). Three indicators of abuse or maltreatment include physical, child behavioral and parent behavioral indicators (Henderson, 2013). These indicators should not be considered in isolation but should be considered along with the child’s condition in the context with overall physical appearance and behavior; however, it is conceivable that a single indicator may be consistent with abuse or neglect (Henderson, 2013). Considerations of abuse are raised by injuries to both sides of the body and/or to soft tissues, injuries with a specific pattern or injuries that do not fit the explanation, delays in  presentation for care, and/or untreated injuries in multiple stages of healing (Henderson, 2013). It would be helpful to check the patient’s record for previous unexplained injuries or history of frequent visits to the emergency room or physician’s office. Any burns or patterns of bruising during the examination would warrant further investigation. Other signs of physical abuse I would monitor for include signs of pain where there is not visible injury and lack of reaction to pain. I would also note any emotional signs of physical abuse, which include passive, withdrawn or emotionless behavior, and fear when seeing parents. Any symptoms noted on exam should include this in the report to DFACS. Since the physical signs of abuse are often visible, most cases of abuse are recognized by a healthcare provider (Padera, 2009). These signs may be noted at routine appointments or while providing acute care. The ethical principle of non-maleficence and beneficence are addressed with this case. The ethical principle of non-maleficence helps to ensure that healthcare providers do not harm to their patients. If I did not report this case to DFACS for investigation and the abuse continued causing any harm to the patient, this would be an ethical violation of non-maleficence on the part of the nurse. The ethical principle of beneficence ensures that health care provider’s actions benefit the patient. By choosing to report this case to DFACS, my actions would benefit the patient and help ensure that the patient was no longer being abused. As a nurse, if I did not report this to DFACS for investigation, I would be in violation of the nurse practice act, and I could be held liable if the patient suffer more injuries or death at the hand of an abuser. My report of child abuse or neglect is confidential and immune from civil or criminal liability as long as the report is made in â€Å"good faith† and â€Å"without malice† (https://www.oag.state.tx.us/victims/childabuse.shtml). Provided these two conditions are met, as a nurse, I am immune from liability if they are asked to participate in any judicial proceedings resulting from the report (https://www.oag.state.tx.us/victims/childabuse.shtml). In conclusion, mandatory reporting can produce unanticipated and unwanted consequences (Buppert & Klein, 2008). Nurses may be concerned about reporting suspected abuse especially, when the investigation is completed, no abuse or risk to the patient is found (Buppert & Klein, 2008). Boards of Nursing rarely  discipline nurses for failure to report and nurses are covered with their nurse practice act when they make reports in â€Å"good† faith (Buppert & Klein, 2008). Given this information there is no reason not to report this mother to DFACS for investigation. References: Buppert, C. & Klein, T. (2008). Dilemmas in Mandatory Reporting for Nurses. Medscape. P. 4- 16. Henderson, K. L. (2013). Mandated reporting of child abuse: Considerations and guidelines for mental health counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 35(4), 296-309. Padera, Connie. (2009). Nursing, Child Abuse, and the Law. 7(37). P. 122-126. When you suspect child abuse or neglect: A general guide. Retrieved from https://www.oag. state.tx.us/victims/childabuse.shtml

A Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Research

The following is a critical evaluation of qualitative articles by Lisa Booth using Ryan, Coughlan, and Cronin 2007 to determine its reliability, robustness, reliability, and completeness (Ryan, Coughlan Cronin, 2007). Qualitative research is seen as a recursive process that attempts to produce insight into the subjective experiences, meanings, customs, and perspectives of the people involved in the natural environment (Craig Smyth, 2007). The aim here is to investigate the factors that influence the way radiologists use communication to better understand patient-centered care in diagnostic radiography. The author of this task critically assesses the qualitative research report on standard treatment entitled Care of Alzheimer's Disease Patients in an Acute Hospital Environment. (Fiona Cowell, 2009) (Appendix 1). He will use the framework of Polit and Beck (2010) and Roe (1998) to help criticize this article. As a third grader student nurse, the authors talk about how behavior of hea lthcare workers differ for people with dementia and how they need to receive education to improve healthcare workers I have seen. Skills of dementia patients Also, according to the Alzheimer's Association (2010), there are about 750,000 people with dementia in the UK. The author of this task will critically assess qualitative research. Qualitative research is a more comprehensive approach focusing on subject's attitude, belief, experience, behavior. We focus on understanding and interpretation of behaviors in the natural environment such as home and usual environment. Greenhaugh Taylor (2007). The study used was Fraser et al. (2006) - Life with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: perspective of insider. Advanced care magazine. Vol 55 (5), pp 550-558 MMR talk and vaccination of choices: ethnographic research in Brighton study critical evaluation of is a qualitative research aimed southern England, to consider in detail the determination of the parent of the MMR vaccination in Bri ghton. Its impact The choice of qualitative method is a successful methodology because the purpose of researchers is to investigate ethnographic background. - ... Many parents are dissatisfied, and preschool children have not been immunized with measles (Huether McCance, 2012, p.178). With this, the number of cases of measles and the number of deceased persons increased unprecedentedly. Given the possibility that the vaccine can not be used, there will be more cases. With more diseases there will be serious long-term sequelae and further mortality A Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Research The following is a critical evaluation of qualitative articles by Lisa Booth using Ryan, Coughlan, and Cronin 2007 to determine its reliability, robustness, reliability, and completeness (Ryan, Coughlan Cronin, 2007). Qualitative research is seen as a recursive process that attempts to produce insight into the subjective experiences, meanings, customs, and perspectives of the people involved in the natural environment (Craig Smyth, 2007). The aim here is to investigate the factors that influence the way radiologists use communication to better understand patient-centered care in diagnostic radiography. The author of this task critically assesses the qualitative research report on standard treatment entitled Care of Alzheimer's Disease Patients in an Acute Hospital Environment. (Fiona Cowell, 2009) (Appendix 1). He will use the framework of Polit and Beck (2010) and Roe (1998) to help criticize this article. As a third grader student nurse, the authors talk about how behavior of hea lthcare workers differ for people with dementia and how they need to receive education to improve healthcare workers I have seen. Skills of dementia patients Also, according to the Alzheimer's Association (2010), there are about 750,000 people with dementia in the UK. The author of this task will critically assess qualitative research. Qualitative research is a more comprehensive approach focusing on subject's attitude, belief, experience, behavior. We focus on understanding and interpretation of behaviors in the natural environment such as home and usual environment. Greenhaugh Taylor (2007). The study used was Fraser et al. (2006) - Life with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: perspective of insider. Advanced care magazine. Vol 55 (5), pp 550-558 MMR talk and vaccination of choices: ethnographic research in Brighton study critical evaluation of is a qualitative research aimed southern England, to consider in detail the determination of the parent of the MMR vaccination in Bri ghton. Its impact The choice of qualitative method is a successful methodology because the purpose of researchers is to investigate ethnographic background. - ... Many parents are dissatisfied, and preschool children have not been immunized with measles (Huether McCance, 2012, p.178). With this, the number of cases of measles and the number of deceased persons increased unprecedentedly. Given the possibility that the vaccine can not be used, there will be more cases. With more diseases there will be serious long-term sequelae and further mortality

Individual Project Research - Creativity and Standards Task Essay

Individual Project Research - Creativity and Standards Task - Essay Example The standards, included into the review, are regarded as the part of the world’s technological development, and it is hard to imagine the scientific, practical, and educational aspects of engineering and communication without accepting the unified standards. As for the organizations and companies, included into the research, the paper is intended at analyzing the usefulness of these organizations for the entire engineering sphere, as well as for the network development, and computer communication technologies in particular. Technical project management part of the paper is focused at arranging proper training, education, and qualification improvement as a communications and network-engineering specialist. Standards and Organizations The key organizations that set up communications and network engineering standards are not restricted with the national borders. Considering the global nature of the communication technologies, it should be emphasized that the actual importance of the standards is explained by the necessity to keep the technologies, as well as new projects, compatible with the different Operational Systems, devices, and equipment. On the one hand, these standards may restrict some innovative initiatives; on the other hand, standards are aimed at preventing the war of formats. Considering the key standards of the communication and network engineering, it should be emphasized that the actual importance of the standardization is closely associated with the opportunity to prevent particular engineering disputes, and lead the R&D efforts in the single direction. The list of the most significant standards of the computer communication and network engineering sphere are mainly linked with the data safety, information exchange principles, problem diagnosis, and data structuring aspects of the engineering process. Therefore, the key standards are as follows: 1. ISO / IEC 18028-4: 2005. The key objective is to improve the data transmission safety optio ns, and guarantee the reliability of the computer communication protocols. This standard is helpful for developing protected communication projects, as well as increasing the encryption level of the confidential information. 2. ISO / IEC 14165-241: 2005. Fibre channel development regulation is intended at adapting the communication process for the optical fibre technology. Despite of the fact that optical networks are regarded as the best option for high speed data transmissions, the technology stays expensive enough. Developing this standard is essential for improving the quality of the connections, as well as advancing the technical aspect, and making the technology cheaper. 3. ISO / IEC 18092: 2004. NFCIP-1 communication control is essential for synchronizing and regulating the device communication process on comparatively low frequencies. Therefore, while high frequencies are featured with comparatively high energy consumption, the improvement of the 13.56 MHz technology is sign ificant for lowering the energy consumption, as well as reducing losses common for the high frequency transmission. 4. ISO 13400-1: 2011. Diagnostic communication standards are essential for developing the solution tools, needed for defining vehicle interface communication problems. Working with this standard can be helpful for increasing technological and problem-solving experience, which can be applied to any network engineerin

Marriage Expectations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marriage Expectations - Essay Example There are also some people who don’t want a marriage contract, because they see it as something that is just basically preparing for divorce, like a prenuptial agreement. To others, however, a marriage contract can have lasting symbolic value. â€Å"A marriage contract for some symbolizes the rational ability of a couple to have a business partnership. For others, marriage contracts symbolize betrayal, lack of trust, or insecurity. Symbols are the emotional meaning and interpretation with which we see the world.† (Ausman, 2009). The following are some points that I would stipulate in my own marriage contract. In terms of the division of household labor, I would negotiate a fair division by following the rule of halves. It does not really matter to me who does which chores, the man or the woman. I think it is funny that just because someone is a woman, they are expected to do the cooking and cleaning, as if a man can’t cook or run a laundry machine. Similarly, there is no law that says women are too fragile for yard work, or that they can’t fix cars. So I don’t think that the chores should be gender divided, but I do think that they should be divided. In terms of sexual responsibilities for each partner, I don’t think that this is something that should be under contractual obligation for anyone. It is not the way I think of sex. If partners are worried that they can’t conceive together, I think they should have a blood test, instead of putting something in a contract about being prepared for that eventuality. There should be a rough agreement as to how m any children, with room for a change of decision. And in terms of childcare, as mentioned above, I am not traditional about gender roles here: I feel that the man should share in childcare and raising activities: not just playing catch in the backyard, but also feeding, changing diapers, etc. One thing I am traditional about,

Drug Addiction Disorder & Group Therapy as Part of Recovery Dissertation

Drug Addiction Disorder & Group Therapy as Part of Recovery - Dissertation Example Doweiko has also discussed the problem of drug addiction and its therapeutic treatment in his famous book â€Å"Concepts of Chemical Dependency†. He has analyzed the problem among the adolescents and suggested the individual and group therapy for the cure from drug addiction disorder. He declares modern civilization and technological advancement as responsible for drug addiction among children. Detachment and distances between the family members, Doweiko estimates, force the young ones to seek the artificial and temporary support from chemicals and drugs. Furthermore, child abuse is one of the most significant causes of chemical codependency among adolescents. Moreover, decline, in the sound family ties and relationships, has also paved the way in this direction. As a family is the basic unit of a society and plays a primary role in nourishment and socialization of young generation, it is also responsible for the emotional uplift of the children. The decline in the family bond age and ignorance of religious practices, ethical values, and moral obligations, result in the deterioration of the youth of society. Doweiko has discussed the case of young Brittney, who got recovery from therapy. Brittney, a young girl of fourteen years only, had been very bright and graceful student at the school. It was surprising for the whole family when she was recommended by her teacher, to a rehabilitation program after being found the drug- user. She was referred to the Alateen, the rehabilitation institute that deals with the cure of adolescents consuming alcohol and other intoxication.  

Wk3Stat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wk3Stat - Essay Example Consider the case of the scores of the class under consideration. A sample of their plots would look as shown below: The above plot has a slight positive skew. A look at the figure will show that these measures do not differ significantly in this case although they may be typically up or above one another. However, there are several cases where these measures vary significantly. Consider the case of any organization, where the salary varies depending on the designation of the employee. Typically, as one goes up the hierarchy, the salaries increase and vary inversely to the number of employees at a particular level. In a regular case, the number of low level employees is the most while their salaries are the least in the firm. As one moves up the hierarchy, the salary increases and reaches a maximum with the top executive management, which is usually the least in population. When the salaries are plotted on the graph against the number of people receiving it, the resulting graph is said to be highly skewed as shown below: The relatively large skew in the above graph results in very different values for these measures. In this scenario, determining the mean will not present a true picture as only a fraction of the entire employees would be drawing such salaries while the maximum number of employees would be drawing much lesser salaries. However, the mode would clearly present a clear figure on the maximum number of people employed at a particular salary level. The mean would further not provide any clear picture of the highest amount being drawn by a minute section of the employees, namely the top management, leading to discrepancies in statistical estimates. In such scenarios, the mode is the preferred choice to estimate the maximum number of employees within the

Modelling Human Activity Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modelling Human Activity Systems - Essay Example Knowledge management is particularly important in the case of multinational corporations which have the additional task of communicating efficiently between its units and in order to communicate better, knowledge management is essential. Knowledge of aspects outside of the organization as well as knowledge within the organization are both very important aspects of knowledge (Senge, 1990 ; Nonaka and Takeushi, 1995). Multinational corporations usually face a problem of cultural differences among its different units, which might cause many problems in the overall performance of the organization. The problem resides in the fact that it is very difficult to unite all the different cultural backgrounds into one organizational culture. To put it in a different way, different cultures have different views and goals and the organization needs to have the staff as well as the senior management focusing on one goal. The suggested solution to this problem is the cultural adaptation human activity system and the information system that serves it which is expected to resolve the problems initiated by cultural differences. A system that (X) allows workers from different cultures to adapt to the needs of the organization by means of (Y) Informing them about the required adaptations and the methods of achieving them in order to (Z) overcome cultural difficulties of the organization and improve productivity of all different subsidiaries. The cultural adaptation Information System (IS): A system to (X) inform the workers of different cultures about the adaptations needed and the method of achieving them by means of (Y) gathering and sharing information about each culture and the adaptations needed to suite the needs of the organization (Z) Allow workers from different cultures to adapt to the needs of the organization. CATOWE: C: QES staff. A: QES management. T: Achieve the adaptations of staff with different cultural views to suite the needs of QES. O: QES senior management. W: A multinational organization usually faces many challenges as different cultures evoke contradictions in management. E: Staff coming from different cultural views. Root definition: A QES owned system (O) in a multinational organization functioning within different cultures (E) to achieve the adaptations of staff with different cultural views to suite the needs of QES (T) by means of informing workers from different cultures with the adaptations needed and methods of achieving it. This transformation will be carried out by QES management (A), and affects all the staff of QES (C). What makes this an important move is that a multinational organization usually faces many challenges as different cultures evoke contradictions in management (W). Conceptual Model: Measures of System Performance or MOP for the system: Efficacy: Addresses the question; to what extent is the system successful at adapting the staff from different views to the same goal and vision of the organization, and to answer this question staff from different countries can be interviewed to see to what extent they are adapting to suite the need

Corporate Governance and Internal Audits Role Essay

Corporate Governance and Internal Audits Role - Essay Example whether internal or external,and have led to evolution of a new systemic structure of the audit function.In the foregoing paragraphs we examine these aspects in some details.To begin with we look at some of the corporate governance policy developments and follow them up with contributions they make towards a more robust audit function. The Financial Services Authority has evolved a refurbished code on corporate governance replacing the1998 intending that the new Code will apply for reporting years beginning on or after 1 November 2003. This Code supersedes the earlier Combined Code issued by the Hampel Committee on Corporate Governance in June 1998.The highlight feature of the new code is the leveraging on the work of Derek Higgs on the role and effectiveness of non-executive directors and a review of the structure and functions of audit committees by a group led by Sir Robert Smith. The Code as it had evolved permitted no room for further consultations and was considered final and applicable in the stated form. The Code essentially evolved around main and supporting principles and provisions. The UK company Listing Rules requires corporates to make a disclosure statement in two parts in reference to the prescriptions of the Code. In the first free format part of the disclosure statement, the company reports as to how it applies the corporate governance principles stated within the Code. This report covers the main as well as the supporting principles. This first part reporting has been left free of any particular format with the specific intention of letting the corporates have a free hand in expressing their corporate governance policies and compliance with the Code. The second part, however, is structured and the concerned corporate has to report categorically if it complies with the provisions of the Code or not. In case it does not comply then structured explanation for the same has to be furnished. The Code specifies that smaller companies outside FTSE350 may find some of the Code provisions not entirely relevant to their circumstances. Similarly the investment companies have been excepted as they tend to have a distinct board structure. Lastly the Code carries this laudable flexibility further in not assessing mechanistically corporate deviations from the Code and advises shareholders to assess the characteristics, size and risk profile of the corporates before concluding on inadequacy of corporate disclosures. The flexibility of the Code itself reflects a desire of the regulator to

What Role does Early Education Play in the 'Gendering ' of Children Essay

What Role does Early Education Play in the 'Gendering ' of Children - Essay Example As the report declares the gender bias can also impact access to educational equality, stifle their psychological and physical wellbeing. It is very critical for the early childhood educators to be conscious of the effects of stereotypes. The gender identity concept awareness is important for the educators because it is always placed on the children at a very early age, for example, nursery colors selection. Children start to understand and form gender concept at about two years of age. Most children begin to know they are a boy or a girl at the age of three years. At around three to five years, the children grow their gender identity and start to clearly understand male or a female traits. Immediately these young children understand their gender identity, they begin to develop gender stereotypes. From the research it is clear that gender is different between cultures and they are not necessarily the biological traits which differentiate between a male and a female. Earlier research has indicated that gender identification can be formed in two different perspectives; sex role theories and gender relational theories. The children are motivated to join the opposite sex areas out of their own choice, adopt nontraditional behaviours and attitudes. Gender relational theories, on the other hand, children are viewed to actively engage in their own gender identities. Gender in children is thought to grow continuously, based and shaped by ethnicity, the social class, culture, age and religion.

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay Some students apply for admission only to their first-choice school, while others apply to several schools. Which plan do you agree with, and why? Be sure to include details and examples to support your opinion. I am of the opinion that is better to apply to several schools instead of only to your first-choice school. I think that this plan gives you more options to be accepted in one university, help you improve your applications and open you other opportunities that you could not have considered. I think that applying to just one school is very risky. Probably, you first-choice school is one of the best of the country so it receives a lot of applications each year and the selection process is extremely competitive. Therefore, you have to consider that the odds of not being accepted are high. If this is the case, you will have to wait until the next year to go to the university. I think that taking this risk is unnecessary and you avoid it by simply applying to more than one school. Secondly, doing all the paper work for different universities lets you improve your applications. As different universities ask you to write about different aspects of your personality, interests, goals, etc. you learn more about yourself. As a result, you can improve all your applications, especially the one for your first-choice school, and your chances to be admitted increase. Finally, doing the application process for other schools than your first-option school lets you know other universities. Sometimes, when you finish high school, you just consider one university. This might be the one where your parents or brother go, and the one which your favorite professor recommended you. However, there could be other good universities with different academic curricula and some of these other schools could even fit to your goals and interest better. Exploring and applying to other schools, give you the opportunity to learn more about these other schools. Therefore, I think that applying to more than one schools have many advantages. It is a less risky plan, lets you improve your application and open you to new opportunities in other schools. Moreover, the cost of this plan is low because once you have done one applications, the following ones are much easier and takes far less time.

Anti Americanism in The Middle East Essay Example for Free

Anti Americanism in The Middle East Essay Anti Americanism in the Middle East is caused by various factors. Some causes are genuine and others are a result of peer pressure or influence by the leaders and radicals. Since the attacks on Washington and New York, the conventional concept and wisdom about the motivation that fuelled such deadly terrorism is gelled. This violence that we are often told is a reaction to misguided and misinterpreted American policies. For many years, some American actions such as its constant support for Israel and for the unpopular, oppressive and marginalizing Arab regimes has supposedly produced profound hatred and grievances throughout the people of Middle East. These grievances and hatred have come to a boil gradually over time, and this explains the constant Arabs attack on America and its allies by the Middle East nations. As much as anti-Americanism is largely spread among Middle East people and governments there is something that is highly misleading in this concept. Middle East’s Muslim and Arab hatred of America is not just, a response to the actual united states policies. The American policies have been highly pro-Muslim and pro Arab over the years. It is clear that such animus is obviously as a result of self-interested incite and manipulation by different influential groups within middle east countries, groups that employ anti-Americanism as a strategy and foil to shift public attention and interest from more serious issues within the middle east society (Katzenstein Keohane, 2007). Anti Americanism is sometimes blamed and associated to the former president George Bush. Bush is a lightning rod behind the anti American feelings in the Middle East. This is because of the multiple wars happened during his tenure in office. Another cause is the American policies systems and power fuel resentment in the world. People from the Middle East are annoyed by the fact that as much as America is a super power it does very little to solve world issues. America has a reputation of backing policies which increase the gap between the poor and the rich. Another cause of anti Americanism in the Middle East is the fact that they have put themselves above the law. The American soldiers have killed many innocent people in the Middle East and no action has been taken against them. When the Islam leaders kill innocent people America leaders arrests and even kill them. Amerce is always bulling the Islam nations by discouraging the building of nuclear yet they have nuclear bombs themselv es. The American leaders like Bush have never been summoned ti the International Criminal Court for charges against Humanity despite the fact that they have caused the death of very many innocent people. The Americans have killed many people with drones which is very inhuman and no action has been taken against them (Hollander, 2004). Anti Americanism in the Middle East is also caused by the fact that America has created a worldwide impression that people from the Middle East are terrorists. People from the Middle East are linked with terrorist activities by America. This has influenced people from other nation’s perception on the Middle East people. When American soldiers attack the Middle East countries they don’t expect them to fight back. The American soldiers kill innocent women and children and when the nations engage in war they are regarded as threat to security. Anti Americanism is caused by the relentless support America gives Israel. The American government has supported Israel in almost all its wars against the Middle East nations. This has proved that America is totally against the Middle East nation and consequently causing the constant hatred between the Middle East people and America. The Washington foreign policy seemed to support the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Rubin, 2002). Americans prize personal empowerment and prize individualism more than the Arabs in the Middle East. The cultural values in America completely differ with the ones in America. Americans are Christians and the Arabs are Muslims. The countries don’t go along because some things that Arabs practices are considered irrelevant by the Americans. The religious and cultural difference between the two countries has also boosted the anti Americanism. Another factor that has led to the anti Americanism in the Middle East is the conflicting attitudes and policies toward military and security issues. The war in Iraqi and other countries in the Middle East has led to increased tension and negativism from the middle east people. Also the American foreign policy contributes to the hatred. The foreign policy seems to be selfish and against the Middle East. In the American foreign policy it is clear that America has no intention of working together with the Middle East. The foreign policy depic ts Middle East as the threat to world security. Anti Americanism is also contributed by the elite politicians and leaders who incite and preach against the Americans. This makes the people to have hatred towards America without particular reason. The Muslim leaders consider America as the major national threat. This incitement increases anti Americanism as people are influenced by the leaders’ sentiments (Lacorne, 2010) The Media has also contributed to the increasing anti Americanism in the Middle East. The media constantly programs which depict Americans as the enemies. The media portrays America as gods of war who are jealous of other nations. America does not support when the Middle East countries explore the nuclear weapons. The media keeps covering the programs which show the man less American drones roaming in the Middle East. This makes people to have continuous hatred against Americans. The drone issues have increased anti Americanism because it shows they are ready to kill people from Middle East at any time. The Arabs feel like Americans are denying them their freedom rights. They feel that they are always under threat and this makes them to be unsettled. Some tv reporters have been recorded inciting the general public against America. Recently the media majored on the coverage of the anti Muslim video that was released from America. This video clearly showed that some Americans hate the Muslims who are mainly found in the Middle East. The video has also been a major cause of anti Americanism especially with the media paying attention to it (Crockatt, 2003). There is also anti Americanism in the Middle East because there are those children who have been left homeless and orphaned because of the killings and bombings made by the American soldiers. These children grow up with total hatred against the Americans. There are also many people who were victims of the wars and some are friends and family members to people who the American drones killed. This causes people to be bitter thus increasing anti Americanism. The children grow up knowing that America is the cause of their sorrows. They consider Americans as selfish nation which only focuses on its national interests and gains on the expense of innocent peoples life. Anti Americanism has become a culture in the Middle East children are told by their parents that America is bad and they grow up with fixed minds against Americans. This perception is passed from generation to generation in the Middle East (Crockatt, 2003). For many years, anti-Americanism has become and served as a strategy of last resort which unsuccessful, failed political personnel, institution and movements in Middle East strive to improve their reputation and standing. America is accused for so much that goes bad in the Middle East and the general Arab world. This in most cases is used as an explanation or reason for social oppression, political and economic underdevelopment. By issuing responsibility and excuse for their own mistakes and shortcomings to America, Middle East leaders distract their peoples attention from internal differences and weaknesses that form their real grievances. And hence instead of pushing for equality for women, greater privatization, democracy, freedom of speech, due process of law , civil society or other relevant developments issues which are sorely needed in the Middle east, the leaders focus on hating America (Hollander, 2004). Also during the Cold War it was popular for people in the Middle East to portray American policies as anti-Arab. This was despite the concrete evidence in the contrary. This rhetoric became a common convenient strategy for radical regimes and movements to create legitimacy of their own and to refer to their opponents as Western (American) puppets. The nationalist and Islamist Radical Arab regimes also accused America backed governments of ignoring human rights and being antidemocratic to its people, This is despite the fact that the radical regimes in the middle east such as Syria, Libya, Iraq, and Iran have worse records as much as human rights is concerned (Crockatt, 2003). There are various explanations as to why the American actions have been disregarded in Middle East countries. First, whatever the level of U.S failure to comprehend Middle East, the Middle Easterners have greater inability to understand the Americans. Throughout the Middle East movements and leaders have always expect Americans to attack and kill them since they are enemies. This has caused greater tension between the Middle East and America. Secondly, it is vital to understand how tightly news and information is controlled in countries of the Middle East. It isn’t surprising at all those masses, which are shut off from the accurate information to constantly feed on biased antagonistic views which are always hostile and against the Americans. The people who have the capacity to present more accurate picture or information in this case are discouraged by censorship, peer pressure, and fear of being branded American agents. There are also the efforts to reduce all the American policies to a single issue: America support for Israel. The policies and true nature of Israel are also distorted in this context. This element and issue is significant to the salience and anti-Americanism rhetoric. Some people radical Arabs believe that Israel as a country is an evil agent which seeks to dominate the entire Middle East by destroying Islam and killing Arabs. This explains why Arabs view America’s support to Israel as evil. However, the truth, is that America has merely assisted Israel survive constant efforts from Middle East forces to subdue it. The American-Israel relationship was most ambivalent during Israels first years of existence, the United States totally refused to supply ammunitions and other aid. This relationship only intensified during the occurrence of hostile actions from the Arab Middle countries, which aligned with Soviet Union to sponsor the anti-American terrorism. The radicals also want to ensure that America fails in its peace efforts. It also explains why terrorism is always increased by people from the Middle East whenever it seems that American diplomatic pursuit of unity and peace might become successful. This explains why when Israel withdrew from Lebanon, motivated by America, was rebuked as a sign of weakness and a mark that the Israels enemies should start violence against the state. Also The Attacks in September were planned and organized at a time when peace process seemed to be closest to success. According to political analysts it is not an accident that Middle East anti-Americanism was at its peak at the moment when America was proposed to back and support creation of independent Palestinian nation which had its capital in east Jerusalem (Ceaser, 2003). Anti-Americanism is also useful in the oppressive Middle East’s Arab regimes It allows Middle East leaders to distract people’s attention from their own problems and failings. Instead of the leaders responding to important demands and issues such as, higher living standards; democracy, corruption, human rights, and incompetence, Arab rulers accuse America for their own ills and misfortune and refocus their anger against America. Middle east Arabic states like Saudi Arabia and Egypt have over the years obtained weapons and protection from America but the leaders still promote popular anti-Americanism by state controlled media and government policies . Iraq for example has used the anti-Americanism policy as a strategy in its efforts to; escape sanctions, get back to the Arab world, and rebuild its military strength. America is accused for murdering the Iraqis through sanctions, and no one remembers Iraq’s forceful seizure of Kuwait (Hollander, 2004).   The Middle East anti-Americanism has also proved very useful for other people besides the politicians. Anti Americanism allows journalists and intellectuals to vent and focus their anger against the government-approved enemy (America) instead of risking to criticize failure and injustices that they encounter at home. Anti-Americanism has also become useful for the general public. Holding America responsible and accusing them for everything that is wrong in their countries and lives helps them to explain how their world operates and why life seems not to improve for them (Revel, 2003). The major reason behind the prevalence of Middle east anti-Americanism is that it has been a useful strategy and tool for the radical leaders, moderate regimes and revolutionary movements to build their domestic support and pursue personal goals which have no significant costs. As a strategy in the middle east, anti-Americanism seems to provide something for every person. For the radical Islamists in the Middle East, anti-Americanism has been a method of mustering popular favor from people despite all attempts to implement a theocratic revolution fail as a result of being rejected by the masses. The Islamists in the Middle East have focused on anti Americanism instead of fostering xenophobia or channeling their battle from one that is among the Muslims in the Middle East to a struggle between all Muslims and Americans who purportedly disagree with Islam and seeks to destroy the Muslims (Revel, 2003). Conclusion Anti Americanism in the Middle East is bound to get worse as the leaders and the elite use it as a tool for distraction or reason for underdevelopment and excuse of underperforming. America has tried to win out the heats and interest of the people of Middle East but their efforts have been in vain. Even when the Americans act in good faith or in favor of the Middle East people the radicals still find a way to demonize their actions and used it against them. The Middle East media system is also another major cause because the content covered is highly manipulated to show America as the enemy. The internal conflicts experienced in the Middle East countries have posed impossible challenge and dilemmas for American policy makers. When America helps some friendly Arab governments such as Saudi Arabia and Egypts, it is blamed of sabotaging revolutionary movements against them. When America pressures Middle East governments to improve their positions on human rights or democracy, it is blam ed and accused of imperialism. Anti Americanism is there to stay in the Middle East since it has grown into and accepted public culture and believe system. It is also supported my religion differences, Where majority of Americans are Christians and people from the Middle East are Muslims (Gentzkow Shapiro, 2004). References Gentzkow, M. A., Shapiro, J. M. (2004). Media, education and anti-Americanism in the Muslim world.  The Journal of Economic Perspectives,18(3), 117-133. Revel, J. F. (2003).  Anti-Americanism. Encounter Books. Katzenstein, P. J., Keohane, R. O. (Eds.). (2007).  Anti-Americanisms in world politics. Cornell University Press.Hollander, P. (Ed.). (2004).  Understanding anti-Americanism: Its origins and impact at home and abroad. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. Rubin, B. (2002). The real roots of Arab anti-Americanism.  Foreign Affairs, 73-85. Lacorne, D., Rupnik, J., Toinet, M. F., Turner, G. (2010).  The rise and fall of anti-Americanism: A century of French perception. Macmillan. Crockatt, R. (2003).  America embattled: September 11, anti-Americanism, and the global order. Psychology Press.Katzenstein, P. J., Keohane, R. O. (2007). Varieties of anti-Americanism: A framework for analysis.  Anti-Americanisms in world politics, 9-38.Ceaser, J. W. (2003). A genealogy of anti-Americanism.  Public Interest, 3-18. Source document

Methods in the Assessment of Infertility

Methods in the Assessment of Infertility DISCUSSION 6. DISCUSSION 6.1 Fertility depends on the presence of normal fallopian tubes. Tubal factors have been reported to account for 25% to 30% cases of infertility. [6]Partial or complete occlusion of fallopian tubes is one of the major etiological factors in infertility. 6.2 In the present study, 60 cases attending Gyneac OPD in Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology at Base Hospital were studied. Among all cases of primary infertility was found to be 73.3% in present study and cases of secondary infertility was found to be 26.6%. (Table -5.1). Allahabadia et al (1992) studied 50 patients, out of which 40 (80%) had primary infertility and 10 (20%) had secondary infertility. [61] 6.3 The average age in primary infertility group, in present study was found to be 25.27 years while that in secondary infertility group was 28.83 years (Table: 5.2 5.3).Average age of all cases of infertility was 27.05 years. Tufekci et al (1992) studied 44 cases. The mean age of patients was 24.17 + 2.83 years (age ranging from 20 years to 35 years).The maximum number of cases i.e. 29 (65.9%) of primary infertility were in 21-25 years age group. In secondary infertility group, the maximum number of cases i.e. 8 cases (50%) were found to be in 26 30 years age group. [79] S. Kore et al, in their study had similar observation. Maximum numbers of the patients in his study were between 25-30 years of age, 34 patients had primary infertility and 6 had secondary infertility. Mean duration of infertility in his study was 5.2 years. [8] S lal et al, studied 100 patient of infertility and majority of the patients i.e. 64% of the women were cases of primary infertility and maximum number belonged to the age group of 26-30 years .[57] 6.4 The average duration of infertility in primary infertility group was 7.78 years, while that in secondary infertility group was 9.58 years (Tables 5.5, 5.6). The maximum number of cases i.e. 17 cases (38.7%) of primary infertility were infertile for 1-5 years whereas for 6-10 years (Table 5.5, 5.6) in secondary infertility group i.e. 9 cases (56.3%). Among all cases of infertility, the maximum number of cases i.e. 24 cases (40%) were infertile for 6 -10 years (Table – 5.7). Similar finding were also reported by A.K. P. Ranaweera et al. (2013); in which study population comprised 42 infertile women in Srilanka.[80] Overall, the mean age was 31.95 years, with a range of 24–39 years. Mean duration of infertility was 2.98 years, range 1–10 years. Infertility was reported as primary and secondary by 38 (90.5%) and 4 (9.5%), respectively [84]. Another study which was done by Aziz N. (2010) on infertility cases, where cases were taken by ratio of primary and secondary infertility as 2:1.Out of 50 patients, 32 patients (64%) presented with primary infertility and 18 patients (36%) presented with secondary infertility. The mean duration of infertility was 3.7 years and 7.3 years in primary and secondary infertility respectively, while mean age of presentation was 28 years in primary infertility and 32 years in secondary infertility. [68] 6.5 On transvaginal sonosalpingography, out of 44 cases of primary infertility, tubes were found to be patent in 30 cases and blocked in 14 cases (Table 5.8). These 30 cases of patent tubes included 5 cases which showed delayed spill on one side and free spill on other side. Out of 14 cases of tubal block, 6 cases (13.7%) showed bilateral tubal block, 4 cases (9%) each showed right sided and left sided block respectively (Table – 5.8). Out of 16 cases of secondary infertility, 8 cases (50%) showed bilateral tubal patency and 4 cases (25%) showed bilateral tubal block. 1 case (6.2%) and 3 cases (18.8%) showed left sided and right sided block respectively (Table 5.9). Out of all 60 cases of infertility, 38 cases (63.3%) showed bilateral tubal patency and 22 cases (36.7%) showed tubal block (unilateral/bilateral) (Table – 5.10). Tubal block was found to be more common in secondary infertility cases i.e. 8 (50%) as compared to primary infertility cases 14 (31.7%) (Tables-5.8, 5.9). Bilateral tubal block was more common in secondary infertility cases i.e. 4 cases (25%) as compared to primary infertility cases i.e. 6 cases.(13.7%) (Tables- 5.8, 5.9). Tufekci et al (1992) performed transvaginal sonosalpingography and accurately showed patency in 26 patients and bilateral non-patency in 3 patients. [79] Allahabadia et al (1992) performed The Sion Test in 50 patients and found bilateral patency in 41 cases, (82%), bilateral block in 6 (12%) cases, left block in 2 (4%) cases and right block in 1 case (2%). [61] Transvaginal sonosalpingography could also pick up additional findings. Cystic ovary was observed in 5 cases (8.3%) and fibroid in 3 cases (5%) (Table 5.11). 6.6 In Primary infertility group, out of 44 cases chromolaparoscopy showed bilateral tubal patency in 31 cases (71.4%) and bilateral tubal block in 6 cases (13.6%). Left sided block and right sided block was seen in 3 cases (6.9%) and 4 cases (9.1%) respectively (Table 5.12). Out of 16 cases of secondary infertility, chromolaparoscopy showed bilateral tubal patency in 9 cases (56.2%), which included one case which showed delayed spill on one side. Bilateral tubal block was seen in 3 cases (18.8%). Left sided block and right sided block was seen in 1 case (6.2%) and 3 cases (18.8%) respectively (Table 5.13). 6.7 Out of all 60 cases of infertility, chromo-laparoscopy revealed tubal block in 20 cases (33.3%) and bilateral tubal patency in 40 cases (66.7%) (Table 5.14). Tubal block was found in 7 cases (11.7%) in secondary infertility group as compared to 13 cases (21.7%) in primary infertility group (Table 5.14). Darwish AM et al study, where SHG agreed with laparoscopy for the patency of right and left tubes in 72.4% and 60.5% cases. [75] Allahabadia et al (1992) observed bilateral tubal patency in 41 cases (82%); bilateral tubal block in 6 cases (12%) left block in 2 cases (4%) and right block in 1 case (2%). [61] 6.9 Out of additional findings picked up by chromolaparoscopy in all cases of infertility, adhesions (peritubal / periovarian) were most commonly observed i.e. in 21 cases (35%). Cystic ovary and fimbrial cyst were observed in 4 cases each (6.6%) respectively. Fibroid was seen in 3 cases (5%). Tubo-ovarian mass, acute kinking of tube and endometriosis were seen in one case each respectively (1.6%) (Table 5.15). Aziz N (2010) observed tubal blockage in 21.9% and 33.3% cases of primary and secondary infertility respectively. Out of all 15.6% cases of primary infertility were detected as polycystic ovaries (PCO) which was not found in cases of secondary infertility. Endometriosis was found in 12.5% cases with primary infertility and 11.1% cases with secondary infertility. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) was found in 3.1% and 16.7% cases of primary and secondary infertility respectively. Peritubal and periovarian adhesions were detected in 6.3% cases with primary infertility and 22.2% cases with secondary infertility. Fibriod was found in 6.3% and 5.6% cases of primary and secondary infertility respectively. Ovarian cyst detected in 6.3% cases with primary infertility while none was found in cases of secondary infertility. [68] 6.10 A significant advantage of chromolaparoscopy over other methods of detecting tubal patency is that, it permits the visualisation of additional pelvic pathology, particularly pelvic adhesions. This is particularly relevant in assessing the feasibility of their surgical intervention. If dense pelvic adhesions are seen to be associated with totally disorganised tubes, laparotomy may not be indicated. This is of further value with reference to genital tuberculosis, as it presents a real diagnostic problem.Reliable diagnosis of genital tuberculosis is of significance not only to enable proper specific treatment, but also to avoid futile and possibly hazardous surgery.Inability to diagnose accurately the peri-tubal adhesions is an important shortcoming of transvaginal sonosalpingography. 6.11 The presence of peritubal and periovarian adhesions and that too, with high incidence is a significant finding in this study. It implies that adhesions can affect the tubal function with-out affecting the tubal patency. Adhesions affect the fallopian tube by restricting its mobility, interfering with ovum pick up and changing its peristalsis. Laparoscopy provides additional information concerning The site of adhesions whether peritubal or periovarian. b)The extent of adhesions. c)The effect on the course of the tube. d)Anatomical relation between fimbia and ovary Exact site of tubal block could not be diagnosed by transvaginal sonosalpingography.Out of 7 cases of tubal block in secondary infertility group, 2 cases (12.5%) each showed corneal block and midtubal block was seen in 1case (6.2%) and 4 cases (25%) showed fimbrial block (Table 5.17). 6.12 When results of transvaginal sonosalpingography and chromolaparoscopy were compared in all cases of infertility, 38 cases (63.4%), showed bilateral tubal patency by transvaginal sonosalpingography, whereas by chromolaparoscopy 40 cases (66.6%) showed bilateral tubal patency.Agreement regarding tubal patency was seen in 63.4% of cases. Regarding tubal block, agreement was seen in 33.4% cases. On the whole, agreement was seen in 96.6% cases (Table 5.18). Tufekci et al (1992) found completely consistent results in 76.32% of cases by transvaginal sonosalpingography and chromolaparoscopy and partially consistent results in 21.05% cases, and inconsistent results in 2.63% case. [79] Allahbadia et al (1992) performedSiontest and chromolaparoscopy in 50 patients. They found 100% agreement between the two methods for tubal patency. [61] 6.13 Comparison between transvaginal sonoslpingography and chromolaparoscopy in tubal block group (Table 5.19) showed that regarding bilateral tubal block, agreement was seen in 40.9% cases. Regarding unilateral tubal block, agreement was seen in 50% cases, and on the whole agreement was seen in 90.9% cases. Out of 60 cases 22 cases (36.6%) showed tubal block by transvaginal sonosalpingography whereas by chromolaparoscopy only 20 cases (33.4%) showed tubal block. Two cases were falsely picked up by transvaginal sonosalpingography as cases of tubal block. Jeanty P (2000) observed that Air-sonohysterography and laparoscopy with chromopertubation showed agreement in 79.4%. In 17.2% of patients, the tubes were considered nonvisualized by air-sonohysterography when they were patent. The sensitivity was 85.7% and specificity was 77.2%. [70] 6.14 One of the cases which showed right sided block by transvaginal sonosalpingography and bi-lateral tubal patency by chromolaparoscopy showed flimsy peritubal and periovarian adhesions and delayed spill on instillition of methylene blue dye from right side, when chromolaparoscopy was performed. The other case which showed bilateral tubal block by transvaginal sonosalpingography, showed apparently healthy tubes and free spill from both sides by chromolaparoscopy. This might be due to spasm which was relieved under general anaesthesia. Study has done by Tanawattanacharoen S et al. (2000) Shows corresponding results between HyCoSy and chromolaparoscopy in 80.0%. The agreement between both procedures in assessing the uterine pathology was 80.4% (68%). [77] Dietrich, M et al. (1996) find corresponding results with regard to the tube patency between HyCoSy and conventional chromolaparoscopy in 82.5% of cases .Right sided block was observed in 31.8% by both methods. Left sided block was seen in 22.7% by transvaginal sonosalpingography however chromolaparoscopy confirmed block in 18.1%. Percentage of false positive results as shown by transvaginal sonosalpingography was 4.6 %, whereas no false negative results were seen. [63] Allahabadia et al (1992) observed bilateral tubal block in 12%, left sided block in 2% by both Sion test and chromolaparoscopy. [61] 6.15 Divergent observations emphasize the difficulty encountered in accurate localisation. Cornual occlusion for example either functional or structural precludes any evaluation of the remainder of the tube. Furthermore, the patients with apparent cornual block may show a block at the ampulla on repeated film. Chromolaparoscopy revealed more of additional findings as compared to sonosalpingography (Table 5.15). 6.16 Comparison between these two methods in patients of tubal block showed that chromolaparoscopy was the most reliable method for diagnosing tubal block. Out of 22 cases of tubal block by transvaginal sonosalpingography, 2 cases showed patent tubes by chromolaparoscopy and only in 20 cases, the tubal block was confirmed. Level of agreement between these two methods regarding bilateral block was found to be 40.9%. Regarding unilateral block, agreement was seen in 50% cases. On the whole, agreement regarding tubal block was 90.9%.Sensitivity of transvaginal sonosalpingography was found to be 95 %, whereas specificity was found to be 100 %. There were no false negative results by transvaginal sonosalpingography whereas 5% results were false positive. Allahabadia et al (1992) found that transvaginal sonosalpingography showed bilateral occlusion with sensitivity of 100% and tubal patency with 96% specificity. [61] Sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal sonosalpingography as diagnostic test for tubal patency by various studies: The results of this study confirm that both transvaginal sonosalpingography and chromolaparoscopy constitute valuable methods in the assessment of infertility. Though, superiority of chromolaparoscopy over transvaginal sonosalpingography has been clearly demonstrated but the 2 techniques should be considered complimentary and not as a substitute for each other. Transvaginal sonosalpingography can safely replace HSG for determining tubal patency as a routine diagnostic procedure. Trans-vaginal sonosalpingography when compared with HSG: Is more accurate in demonstrating the presence of tubal patency Is potentially safer. Is potentially more convenient and less expensive. Idiosyncracy to contrast agent cannot be expected. Can be performed on ambulatory basis. Trasvaginal sonosalpingography can be criticized on the grounds that- Exact site of tubal block cannot be determined Peritubal adhesions and mobility of tube cannot be properly assessed. It does not provide an accurate assessment of intrauterine and tubal anatomy. It is advocated that young women, as a first examination for fallopian tube patency, should undergo transvaginal sonosalpingography of the pelvis. If tubal patency is demonstrated, the patient should be recommended a six month trial period to become pregnant before invasive procedures are initiated. Chromolaparoscopy should be a vital part of the investigation in all cases of unexplained infertility as it may document hitherto unsuspected pelvic pathology. It is also an essential step former to any tubal surgery at it may not only preclude the requirement of operation but may also provide essential information regarding the nature and extent of future surgery. It is observed again that transvaginal sonosalpingography is not a substitute for chromolaparoscopy; it is offered as a screening test which is very cheap, noninvasive, simple, and cost effective with no infectious morbidity. It is a promising screening and diagnostic technique in evaluation of tubal patency on an ambulatory basis. 1

An Indian Woman In Guatemala Essay -- Guatemala India History Historic

An Indian Woman In Guatemala Guatemala is the land of Eternal Springs and the home of the richly cultured and historic Mayan people. It it also the country of Rigoberta Menchu, an illiterate farm worker, turned voice of oppressed people everywhere. Guatemala also has the sad distinction of being home to Latin America's oldest civil war. "For more than three decades, left-wing guerrillas have fought a series of rightist governments in Guatemala. The war has killed an estimated 140,000 in the country, which has 11 million people." (N.Y. Times June 14, 1996 pA4 col 2) This is a story of a people in crisis, and one woman's struggle to use truth, as a means of setting her people free. The majority of the population are Indians, and much of the struggles arise out of the ashes of the past. Spain conquered Guatemala in 1524, which was the start of the oppression of the native people of Guatemala. Since this time the native people have been ruled by the Spanish speaking minority, the Ladinos, many of which are descended from the Spanish colonists. Beginning in 1954, when Guatemala's elected government was overthrown by the army, the military began a brutal war against the Indian people. This type of torture and oppression continued, and during the 1970's the repression was especially harsh; during this time more and more Indians began to resist. It was during this time that Rigoberta Menchu's family became involved in the resistance. The situation in Guatemala is similar to South Africa, where the black majority are ruled with absolute power by the white minority. Like South Africa, the Indians in Guatemala are lacking in even the most basic of human rights. "Indeed the so-called forest Indians are being systematically exterminated in the name of progress. But unlike the Indian rebels of the past, who wanted to go back to pre-Columbian times, Rigoberta Menchu is not fighting in the name of an idealized or mythical past." (Menchu xiii) Rigoberta is working toward drawing attention to the plight of native people around the globe. Once an illiterate farm worker, she has taught herself to read and write Spanish, the language of her oppressor, as a means of relating her story to the world. She tells the story of her life with honesty and integrity in hopes of impressing upon the world the indignation of the oppressed. In additi... ...She has been accused of supporting the country's leftist actions and harming Guatemala's image abroad. In awarding the prize, the Nobel committee wanted to draw attention to the plight of Guatemala's Indians in the hope that it would lead to improved conditions. Recently, Guatemalans have found cause for that hope, as a peace accord is due to be signed in January 1997, ending the fighting between the rebels and the government. In addition, a truth commission has been formed to help families of disappeared members find answers relating to their deaths, by uncovering the country's many unmarked mass graves. Rigoberta Menchu continues to live in exile under death threghts upon her return to Guatemala. She is well adapted to the life which has been handed down to her, by generations of poor and oppressed Indians. Yet when she speaks, she speaks of her beautiful culture, and of the many joys that her family had over the years, all without a trace of bitterness in her voice. Works Cited Menchu, Rigoberta. I, Rigoberta Menchu: An Indian Woman In Guatemala. London: Verso, 1984. "Guatemalans Take New Step Toward Peace." The New York Times 14 June 1996, pA4 col 2

Breast Feeding vs Formula Essay -- Comparing Breast Feeding and Formu

Breast-feeding is nutritionally, emotionally and physically superior for a mother and her child. â€Å"Human breast milk is not standard nor is it interchangeable with cow’s milk. It is a dynamic fluid that changes in composition to meet the needs of the baby as it grows† (â€Å"Giving your Baby... Diet.† par. #10). Breast milk contains growth factors and antibodies which stimulate the growing baby and protect it from illness such as diarrhea, ear infections, rashes, allergies, asthma, skin problems, pneumonia, respiratory illness and other serious illnesses. Breast-feeding also improves a baby’s chance of remaining healthy. These antibodies are not found in formula. They can not be sustained. Breast-fed babies are also neurodevelopmentally more advanced than those fed formula. This is because the ingredients found in breast milk promote brain development. (Neifiert, pars. #5 ) Breast-feeding is the preferred method for feeding babies because it offers many benefits for both mothers and babies. There are many advantages for babies who are breast-fed. Babies can digest breast milk easily because the proteins and curds in it are softer than those in cow’s milk. The proteins in breast milk destroy harmful bacteria and help protect a baby against infection (Giving your Baby... Diet.† par #20). A breast-fed baby will have loose bowel movements that are easy to pass. Manufacturers do attempt to lower the curd tension in formula so that it will act as breast milk does. They do this by producing formula that has a higher whey content than cow’s milk. But it is impossible to exactly replicate human milk. Because of the gentleness of breast milk in a babies system, constipation is rare in breast fed infants. Another advantage for breast-fed ch... ...e. 19 May 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqweb? Georgieff, Michael K. â€Å"Taking a Rational Approach to the Choice of Formula.† A Thomson Healthcare Company. Aug. 2001: 48 Health Reference Center-Academic. Lansing Christian School Lib. , Lansing MI. 19 May 2003. http://www.infotrac.galegroup.com. â€Å"Giving Your Baby an Ideal Diet.† A Thomson Healthcare Company. 2001: 79. Health Reference Center- Academic. Lansing Christian School Lib. , Lansing, MI. 13 May 2003. http://www.infortrac.galegroup.com. Gupta, Sanjay M.D. â€Å"Of Brains and Breast Milk.† Time. 20 May 2002: 92. Neifert, Marianne. â€Å"The Advantages of Breast-Feeding.† McKesson Health Solutions LLC. 2001: 15. Health Reference Center – Academic. Lansing Christian School Lib. , Lansing, MI. 13 May 2003. http://infotrac.galegroup.com. Sheehy, Maura. â€Å"Breast-Feeding 911.† Parents. July 2001: 149-150.

Critique of Robert Frost Essay examples -- essays research papers

Marion Montgomery, â€Å"Robert Frost and His Use of Barriers: Man vs. Nature Toward God,† Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962. Reprinted by permission of The South Atlantic Quarterly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Frost is considered by the casual reader to be a poet of nature like that of a Wordsworth. In a sense, his poetry is about nature, yet with strong underlying tones of the drama of man in nature. Frost himself stated, â€Å"I guess I’m not a nature poet,† â€Å" I have only written two without a human being in them (138).† Marion Montgomery’s critical essay plays with the epitaph that Frost proposes for himself in The Lesson for Today: â€Å"I have a lovers quarrel with the world.† Montgomery says, that the lovers quarrel is Frost’s poetic subject, and states, â€Å"throughout his poetry there is evidence of this view of mans’ existence in the natural world (138). The essay examines how Frost’s attitude toward nature is one with armed and amicable truce and mutual respect interwoven with boundaries of the two principles, individual man and the forces of the world. But the boundaries are insisted upon. The critical essay examines how Frost’s direct addresses of nature are often how man is essentially different from objects and features of nature. Montgomery insists, â€Å"†¦his trees and animals, though he speaks to them, do no take on grave countenances (140).† The jest of Montgomery’s ideal is when Frost speaks directly to or directly of natural objects or creatures, â€Å"that ...

Outline the objectives of economic management and analyse the role of fiscal policy Essay

The Australian Government targets economic objectives that may provide equality and higher living standards throughout the country. For these benefits to reach Australian households, the Australia government has to overcome objectives such as economic growth, distribution of income, and external stability. To do so, the government uses the fiscal policy in order to influence the amount of government expenditure and revenue which can alter economic activity. The government’s fiscal strategy aims to ensure fiscal sustainability over the medium term; therefore the government is responsible for meeting its current and future spending commitments with revenue raised. Australia has had a low historical use of fiscal policy during the 1990s, however since the Global Financial Crisis; fiscal policy has been a powerful tool in maintaining Australia’s economy. Fiscal policy has a large influence over economic activity, through using the expansionary fiscal stance which involves a net increase in government spending, or a fall in taxation revenue. However, this was not the case during the period 1996-2007 as fiscal policy had a smaller role to play in the economy. As the Howard Government came into office, the stance of fiscal policy was largely contractionary. A contractionary stance occurs when government spending is reduced. An example of this stance is when the Howard Government was committed to achieving a balanced budget over the course of the economic cycle, as fiscal policy was tightened in 1996-97, 1998-99, resulting in a surplus of $1171 million. This meant that fiscal policy was generally not a major role in influencing the business cycle, instead monetary policy had the central role in maintaining economic activity. Although fiscal policy was not greatly used from the mid-1990s to 2007, it has had a large impact on recessions. As the Global Financial Crisis hit Australia, the fiscal policy was introduced in order to increase the level of economic activity, instead of letting Australia plunge into a recession. The impact of the GFC dramatically changed the budget balance, through a decline in government taxation revenue and an increase in discretionary government spending. This led to the movement from a cash surplus of $19. 7 billion in 2007-08 to a cash deficit of -$27 billion in 2009-10. Economic growth decreased to 1. 4% of GDP, which gave the government the incentive to introduce the fiscal stimulus, while the Rudd Government used an expansionary fiscal stance to support aggregate demand. The stimulus package involved a $77 billion package, with a $42 billion Nation building plan and Jobs Plan in the 2009 budget to support infrastructure and investment and the Economic Security Strategy package of $10 billion in spending on cash transfers to low and middle income households. The result of expansionary fiscal policy helped Australia avoid a recession, as these stimulus measures were estimated to boost Australia’s economic growth by 2. 75% of GDP in 2009-10. In addition, fiscal policy can influence the objective of inequality in income distribution. The government is committed into try to use a progressive taxation system which will provide a fairer distribution of income. The progressive taxation system is when higher income earners pay a larger proportion of tax compared to low income earner, leading to a redistribution of income to low income earners. An example of the progressive tax system can be seen in the ‘personal income tax thresholds’, where the highest income bracket of $180,001 and over has an effective tax rate of 30. 3-44. 9%. However, the structure of the progressive system of personal income tax changed when the Gillard Government announced it would increase the tax-free threshold to $18,200 on 1st July 2012 as part of the Clean Energy Future Package from the carbon tax and will rise again to $19,400 the following year. This threshold bracket changed from the previous 2009 and 2010 Personal Income tax threshold as all taxpayers where given a tax free threshold of $6000. Between 1996 and 2008, the Federal Government used fiscal policy in order to maintain external stability. External stability is an aim of government policy that seeks to promote sustainability on external accounts so that Australia can service its foreign liabilities in the medium to long run. External stability can be managed by the government achieving fiscal consolidation, which is running a budget surplus over the course of the business cycle. One of the main ways to run a budget surplus is to eliminate public debt, which in turn can help reduce the part of net foreign debt owned by the Australian Government. For instance, when the Howard Government was in power, there was a series of consecutive surplus budgets to retire a significant amount of public debt. From 1996-2007 the stance of fiscal policy was largely contractionary, since the Howard Government was committed to achieving a balanced budget over the course of the business cycle. It was tightened throughout the years of 1996-1999, and thereby, eliminated Commonwealth general government debt from the peak of $96 million (17. 6% of GDP) in 1996-97 to -0. 5% of GDP by 2005-06. This in turn increased Australia’s national savings and resulted in low net foreign debts. Subsequently, the fiscal policy has an effective role in achieving the economic objectives of economic growth during downturn economic activity, equal distribution of income and maintaining external stability. Australia was successful in using fiscal policy to avoid recession in 2009, when it implemented one of the largest fiscal stimulus packages in its history, as well as changes to the personal income threshold that gave a more equal distribution of income to lower income earners. By aiming to achieve fiscal surplus the Australian economy can achieve its economy objectives rapidly.

Early Childhood Education and Children Essay

Are there any benefits for children stay one of parent with them at home? Mothers who stay at home are helpful for their family. Many mothers prefer to give their children to their mothers, but if there is not grandmother to care child, that will be problem especially if the child is still baby or infant. Mothers are compelled to find a place to put their child there. Many kinds of places that may mothers join their child to stay there and to have education, such as to educational settings which consist of early child education, pre-school, nursery school, and pre-kindergarten. Also, there are many places to get care and education for children nanny, governess, babysitting, au pair, and extended family, for example. In fact, mother’s decision; that choosing stay with her children at home or going to work and joining her children in convenient place, is important critical for her. A mother who stays at house are more probable to have time to be involved with their children. Those mothers who stay home is able to become more completely involved their children activities. For example, mother will give carful and interest for her children. Moreover, many people mention to needs childhood such as feeding, sustenance, and nurturing. Most women have been housewife to be breadwinners, and to be caretakers. â€Å"Child care can cost up to $15,000 for one year in the United States. Approximately six out of every ten children, or almost 12 million children, age five and younger, are being jointly cared for by parents and early childhood educators, relatives, or other child-care providers† (Lynn, 2002). Indeed, many societies have been assumed that women will stay home and take care of their children while their spouses go out and work. In addition, woman pregnancy suffers to go out and doing hard work many hours without rest times, but when she stay home will get time to have rest and lying. Many mothers work to be ready for unexpected situations like a husband’s unemployment, husband’s death, a divorce, or sickness. In fact, nobody wants to be working more than eight hours a day and missing his or her family life. In encouragement of mothers who want to work, Dr. Phil says that many mothers optimism to be a parent and pursue an occupation and they often become miserable when they are stuck just in a parenting capacity. â€Å"If the child is mothered by a parent who is feeling frustrated and depressed and empty, that is not a good thing,† he says. Even though some parents are now separated, father continues in the role of primary caregiver to his children, while mother continue to support her family. A man is not hard to give up the traditional role as breadwinner. However, A woman can be more responsibility to earn money and take care for her family. A lot of women have been socialized to be service workers for their societies, not solely to be housewife. Some time a man feels difficult to abdicate some things like giving up self-worth, feelings of masculinity and personal power. It can be tough on men, especially in the beginning. In conclusion, it’s these deeper issues. Making the decision to stay home with your children or join the workforce can be a difficult process. It appears approximating employed moms just can’t success. Every woman has dream to be effective in her society and earn money, but she will face challenges with her care children. Sources 1. Dr. Phil: http://drphil. com/articles/article/284 2. Olson, Lynn (2002). [According to the 2002 Quality Counts survey conducted by Education Week, approximately six out of every ten children, or almost 12 million children, age five and younger, are being jointly cared for by parents and early childhood educators, relatives, or other child-care providers. â€Å"Starting Early†]. Education Week 21 (17): 10–11. Retrieved 24 November 2012.

Expect the unexpected

Expect the UnexpectedMany people in the universe get distracted with something they may want. This is no exclusion for Sammy, the supporter, in â€Å" A & A ; P † by John Updike. Sammy works at the A & A ; P food market narrative and he sees something unexpected while he is working. The unexpected distraction causes him to make thing he did non intend to make which causes him to believe about things at the incorrect clip and do errors that did non necessitate to be made. Updike examines and shows the impact of one ‘s environment based on one ‘s determinations as shown by Sammy ‘s actions that he has made in the narrative. Throughout the narrative, Sammy thinks about three misss that walk into the A & A ; P shop while he is working. He gets distracted because of the fact that they are have oning merely bathing suits. While they walk, Sammy visualizes each miss up and down and seems to acquire phantasies while believing about them. This causes him to do a error while working at the check-out procedure line and the witch-like lady in her 1950ss gets huffy and give Sammy problem because he rang up â€Å" HiHo † crackers twice, â€Å" I pealing it up once more and the client starts giving me snake pit. She ‘s one of these cash-register-watchers, a enchantress about 50 with paint on her zygomatic bones and no superciliums, and I know it made her twenty-four hours to trip me up†¦ † ( 16 ) . Sammy can non concentrate while believing about the three misss who cause his actions and his ideas to clash with each other in the incorrect manner. As it can be seen, Sammy ‘s concentratio n alterations every bit shortly as he sees something unexpected. His desires catch his heads and he does non cognize what to make as he is non able to believe directly. Equally shortly as she finishes up with the lady, he starts to believe about the three misss once more and starts watching them as they go through the food market shop. He noticed one of the misss and dubbed her Queenie, because she seemed like she was the leader of the group as she was in front leading and noticed her the most. He names one of the other misss Plaid because she is have oning a plaid green two-piece bathing suit. He names the last miss Big Tall Goony-Goony because of the fact that she was large and tall. Sammy watches Queenie as she presented herself and noted her physical visual aspect. He describes her face, characteristics, how she walked, and how she goes through the isle and visualizes things. He still is in aghast how the misss are in merely bathing suits and was believing why they did non set on a shirt or some places. He shortly thinks about how he likes the organic structures on the misss and how thick they are. As the narrative goes on, Lengel, the director, comes and confronts the misss and tells them that following clip that come into the A & A ; P food market shop that they should have on shirts and places. The misss thought that they were nice when they came into the shop but the director did non desire to reason with them stating that it is policy. Equally shortly as that happens, they seem embarrassed and looked like they were in a haste to go forth A & A ; P. Sammy tells Lengel that he did non hold to abash them like that. Lengel explains to Sammy that the misss were the one abashing the shop for what they were have oning. After that, Sammy says he quits in order to catch the misss ‘ attending as they hurry out the shop because he did non like the manner Lengel embarrassed them, â€Å" The misss, and who ‘d fault them, are in a haste to acquire out, so I say â€Å" I quit † to Lengel quick plenty for them to hear, trusting they ‘ll halt and watch me, their u nsuspected hero†¦ † ( 20 ) . Lengel ask Sammy if he is certain because Sammy knows that his parents will be really defeated to hear that he discontinue his occupation. Equally shortly as he leaves the shop, he ca n't happen the misss anyplace. It is as if the misss left no presence of them coming to the A & A ; P. When Sammy looks back at the shop, Lengel is in Sammy ‘s topographic point pealing up the remainder of the points for other people, and at that point Sammy starts to believe what is traveling to go on here after and how everyone will handle him, â€Å" Lengel in my topographic point in the slot, look intoing the sheep through. His face was dark grey and his dorsum stiff, as if he ‘d merely had an injection of Fe, and my tummy sort of fell as I felt how hard the universe was traveling to be to me afterlife†¦ † ( 20 ) . Sammy ‘s actions and his ideas collide which end up traveling at odds with each other which causes him to discontinu e merely to acquire some misss attending which did non go on at the terminal. Sammy like most other male childs thinks that they need to make something in order to catch some misss ‘ attending. Throughout the narrative, things did non travel the manner Sammy wanted it to travel. Actions and ideas interfere with each other doing him to do errors that did non necessitate be made. Not merely did he acquire a witch-like lady client to acquire huffy at him which causes her to give him hell but he besides quit his occupation so he can be noticed by the misss he admires which ended up non go oning. This can be seen as the struggle and the flood tide throughout the whole narrative. These actions Sammy makes cause him to do an impact on the environment and the people around him.Work CitedUpdike, John. â€Å" A & A ; P. † Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 6th Compact erectile dysfunction. New York: Longman, 2010. Pg.16-20. Small, Anne C. , and Robert C. Evans. â€Å" A & A ; P. † Short Fiction: A Critical Companion,1997. 252-255. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jan. 2010.

Having Our Say Essay

Sarah and Bessie Delany were extraordinary women. They were very intelligent, kind, yet feisty women. Sarah and Bessie Delany were very close sisters and lived to be one hundred and four and one hundred and nine years of age. The Delany sisters were able to live long because of the way they lived their life. Over all these two women lived a good life and had two loving, caring, and wise parents to help who they have become in our American history, but life for The Delany sisters was not always easy they faced many hardships to have the respect they do today. In the book Having Our Say The Delany Sisters’ First 100 Years The Delany sisters faced many challenges because they were sheltered, educated and black African American females. The Delany sisters grew up at Saint Augustine’s school in Raleigh, NC. The Delany family was a very religious family and tried to follow all the rules to living a good sinful life (56, 57). Being in their early twenties the Delany sisters world only consist of Saint Aug’s college and downtown Raleigh. They only have visited two places Yak, Virginia and Fernandina, Florida (115). Henry Delany; the sisters’ father was the first elected African American bishop of the Episcopal churches (3). Therefore the Delany children were look highly upon and the Delany sisters were very sheltered growing up. Bessie talked about how sheltered and clueless she and Sadie were when she made the statement, Our childhood years were so protected, we didn’t have but the vaguest notion of what sex. We had a neighbor who said to us once, â€Å"You girls are so green, it’s no wonder those cows don’t mistake you for grass and gobble you up. † (84). The Delany sisters didn’t live like normal kids. They help raise their seven younger brother and sisters, and wasn’t aloud to go anywhere off Saint Aug’s campus without supervision. Living in the city of Raleigh when the Delany sisters became young women in their mid twenties they eventually moved to New York after visiting a few time. The two sisters were afraid and didn’t know how to talk to men without feeling uncomfortable they were very educated and disciplined, but when it came to having streets smarts they lack a lot of that (111). Sadie had one guy friend name frank who took liking to her and her father was not very fond of him and forbidden Sadie from seeing him again. Bessie said â€Å"I suppose Lemuel and Papa thought they were doing the right thing by Sadie, forbidding her to see frank anymore, but I don’t think was right. She was a grown woman. She should have had a say† (121). The Delany sisters turned out fine, but if they weren’t so sheltered life could have gone a little smoother for them. In the early 1900’s it was very rare for any African Americans to have any education beyond high school. All the Delany children went to college and got the education. Sadie Delany graduated from Saint Aug in 1910 and in the same year got her first teaching job working for Wake County public schools in North Carolina (112,113). A few years later Bessie graduated from Saint Aug’s and got a job just like her sister in Boardman, NC. In 1913 Bessie went to Brunswick, GA to teach at an Episcopal school for African American children (130). In 1915 the Delany sisters took their first trip to New York City and fell in love with the big city (139). The Delany sisters moved there in to further there education. Sadie faced problems when she started school in New York. Sadie said I had a difficult time at first, because I really had to scramble in courses like chemistry. That was a problem for a lot of colored students. Often, our early training was not as good as the white students’ because colored schools had no money. (149) Many whites labeled blacks as â€Å"dumb†. Sadie didn’t get a grade that she deserved in her chemistry class, and the teacher was discriminating against her. The Delany sisters had to prove that they were capable of learning and succeeding just as much as white people were, and it was already hard for them because they were black, but being a black female made it almost impossible to be taken seriously. Being a black person in America was hard living and worse being black and living in the south than anywhere else especially after the Jim Crow laws were passed. The Delany sisters took trips often to the drug store Bessie said â€Å"I was not a crying child, except when it came to being treated badly because of my race, like when they wouldn’t serve us at the drug store counter† (105). Being a black female back in that time they received worse disrespects than just being a black male. But if there were blacks that were lighter skinned they were treated somewhat better because they were close to looking white. Bessie said â€Å"To be lighter-skinned was more desirable If you were very dark skinned you were looked down upon. We saw in our own family that people treated the lighter-skinned children better†. (106) Throughout the Delany sisters life they have had to go through the constant disrespect of race and discrimination. Having gone what the Delany sister went through they became wonderful, courageous, educated women. All the struggle they went through made them stronger and how they lived their life helped them live for as long as they did to tell their life obstacles and achievements.

Assignmet 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Assignmet 2 - Essay Example Communication refers to passing of information and getting appropriate feedback in the process. In case of communication problems, the information may not reach the intended individual or there maybe feedback failure. In other words, the recipient might fail to understand the sender or might misinterpret the message thus cause poor responses or inappropriate feedbacks. These are often experienced in various organizations and thus have effects on the effectiveness and the overall performance of the organization. My experience with the communication problem in an organization was in a milk-producing firm that had several branches, employees and managers. There was a massive communication problem between managers, the workers, the managers, and other managers. This had tremendous effect in the flow of information thus causing several negative consequences in the overall performances. The major causes of communication problems were due to many reasons including people were not aligned with the mission or vision of the organization, lack of understanding on what managers were trying to achieve. People had poor work habits, indiscipline among people about timeliness; people were not responsible for performance networking, people in the organization required micro-management. Due to the communication problems, various actions and reactions were evident among people in the organization. These symptoms included: reduced or no level of communication among the members, improper planning or increased workload, lateness that was repetitive and rampant, low quality of work, poor working atmosphere due to people lacking accommodating personality. Perception maybe defined as procedural way in which people put in order and make interpretations of their sensory impressions. This is meant to give reflection to their surroundings. It is an important in ensuring that people’s behaviors is kept on check. This is

Collection of Arson Evidence and Analysis of Flammable Residue Essay

Collection of Arson Evidence and Analysis of Flammable Residue - Essay Example The fire itself is the first step in the collection and investigation of arson evidence. Experts have identified three factors that must be present in any arson case and these factors are known as the triangle of fire. These factors include oxygen, the source of fuel and the heat. In any case of arson, the oxygen concentration must exceed sixteen percent while the fuel can be any flammable material which include petrol, gas and other flammable materials. To this effect, the heat factor is considered to be any source of heat that can match the temperature of ignition of the fuel which will be aided by oxygen concentration. In an arson case, the arsonist must have tampered with one of the three factors that have been identified as the fundamental causes of a fire (NFPA 921, 2004). An arsonist will make use of accelerants like alcohol, gasoline or kerosene to increase the fuel load to enhance higher chances of the fire developing. The arsonist may also increase the concentration of the oxygen and this can be achieved by various means like opening the windows of the structure that will ensure that the oxygen concentration will be higher in the structure. ... e fire spreads from the top to the bottom, it is most likely that the fire will also spread in other rooms rather than be confined to one room of the structure (Bryant, 2008). Arson fire is brought about by an individual introducing a heat source and the heat source can be as simple as the lighting of a match or can be as complicated as the introduction of very flammable chemicals which have been noted to be ignited even in very low temperatures. It is important to note that for a case to be considered as an arson case, the underlying statement is that the cause of the fire was deliberate. In such scenarios, it is therefore to right to say that an arson case have an individual who deliberately tampered with the three factors that are considered to be the cause of fire. These factors are the three triangles of fire (NFPA 921, 2004). It is in this respect that an investigator who rules that the cause of fire was an act of arson must prove that the fire triangle was tampered with and that the other accidental causes of fire have been ruled out. This means that the investigator must have the knowledge that is required to differentiate between an accidental fire and a fire that was caused by an act of arson. It is in this respect that many fires that have been caused by acts of arson have been mistaken to be accidental fires and there is the requirement of well trained investigators to look into the fires that have been reported as accidental (Thomson Delmar Learning, 2004). Analysis of flammable residue In the analysis of the flammable residues the most instrumental method is the gas chromatograph. This is because it has been deemed by experts as the most sensitive and the most reliable method that can be used to detect and also in the characterization of the residues

Marketing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Assignment - Essay Example â€Å"B2B transactions primarily target companies and other wholesale buyers† (Pollick). We can say that B2B marketing is one of the most cost effective ways to reach international customers. B2B transactions are generally high level and more logical as compared to C2B. In B2B marketing, marketers post a detailed offer regarding their products in order to find appropriate buyers for those products and the buyers decide to buy the products based on the offer. Whereas in C2B, sellers use online auction sites to place their products for bids and sell the products to the company who places the highest bid. B2B marketing is somewhat more complex as compared to C2B. The major difference between C2B and B2B is the types of parties involved in both modes of transactions. In C2B, a consumer sells something to some other business or a company, whereas in B2B, a business party, such as manufacturer or retailer sells products to other manufacturers or retailers using online auction sites in most cases. Works Cited Pollick, Michael. â€Å"What Is B2B?.† Wisegeek.com, 17 Apr. 2011. Web. 17 Jun. 2011.